China's absolute poverty relief fund-raising and management mechanism

Financing and management is the core issue of poverty relief. According to international rules, for the absolute poverty relief funds from the general government financial burden, the requirements included in the budget at the same time in the central and local governments at all levels of the (financial) between the classification by a certain percentage of the burden.

In the source of funds, the Western countries in general by a special tax to raise funds, such as Britain have imposed on the history of the special "poor tax" from the affluent areas of taxation and subsidies to poverty-stricken areas. Through tax financing in the form of absolute poverty relief funds, also embodies the essence of modern society with the assistance of the nature of the redistribution of national income. In addition, personal income tax, consumption tax, such as luxury taxes are also modern conditioning gap between rich and poor countries, to achieve an effective means of social equity. As a result, our country should take based on personal income tax, the levy of consumption tax in this luxury train of thought to resolve the absolute poverty relief fund-raising issues. At the same time, Western countries, the practice of social security also showed that personal income tax revenue represents about 30% of this coincides with the proportion of social security expenditure total expenditure ratio of 20% to 30% of the match. In this way, China's local governments may be in absolute poverty relief in the practice of using personal income tax as the main support of the minimum subsistence guarantee system for the major financial resources (according to our current tax system, personal income tax is levied on local taxes).

Governments at all levels in the financial capital ratio, for the protection of absolute poverty relief to protect the effect of China's absolute poverty relief legislation might also clear that the central, provincial, (to) the municipal, county (district) level four government Financial and investment between the ratio. Under the current tax system at all levels of government under the Financial Comparative financial strength, as well as governments at all levels in absolute poverty relief in the size of the liability, and taking into account the international practice, we recommend that the central, provincial, city and county levels of financial investment The ratio of 2:3:3:2, in principle, for, so as to achieve better levels of government in absolute poverty relief, "say" and "property rights" balance.

Absolute poverty relief fund much-needed relief for the poor, it is their "life insurance money," and therefore must be managed strictly in accordance with the law, to ensure that used for other purposes. At the same time, should establish a corresponding mechanism for supervision and management, the audit departments should strengthen audit and supervision. In the course of the operation of the Fund, should take advantage of modern information management system to achieve the information into the open, transparent operation in order to facilitate the public opinion and public supervision.

China's absolute poverty relief system in the main body of choice

Looking at the countries of the world's absolute poor relief system, most countries have adopted the minimum subsistence guarantee system for the structure. Moreover, China's cities and towns in the area and a small number of better economic conditions in rural areas is also being implemented in cities and towns (rural) residents of the lowest living security system, and achieved obvious results. As a result, absolute poverty relief in the light of international experience, taking into account the current "low" system of convergence, in our absolute poverty relief system can also choose to take the minimum livelihood guarantee system for urban and rural areas as the main body of institutional arrangements. However, that needs to be noted that the international relief of absolute poverty from the content point of view often include life, health, education, housing, labor, employment and many aspects, such as funerary relief from a system point of view the structure also contains basic relief And non-basic level, and other relief. On the other hand, and China's current system of minimum living relief content (generally limited to the relief of life) and the structure of the system (only the basic-level relief) of a single, and the result is a system of real security is ineffective. As a result, China's absolute poverty relief in the legislation, our country may wish to existing urban minimum living standard security system modeled on that of its institutional framework for sound, that is, in accordance with the international institutional framework, the minimum subsistence guarantee system for urban and rural areas classified as "essential Relief of life "and" Additional relief of life "and the" exceptional circumstances relief, "the three major sections.

The "basic relief", including the poor to meet basic survival needs, that is mainly used to solve real-life "to eat" (food), "wear" (clothing), "" (miscellaneous day-to-day use) and " "(Traffic), the cost of basic necessities of daily life. In general, this is the minimum living guarantee the most basic level, that is, each enjoying the approval of the people living in absolute poverty relief should be able to enjoy the "capital at the end of" treatment. "Additional relief of life" is based on the actual survival of the poor needs to give some relief, which often include medical, maternity, disability or life care (such as the special general for the sick and elderly poor), education, housing, employment, as well as Funeral and so on. The plate is not directly used to solve the basic living area, but the living conditions and basic needs for survival are closely related. "Exceptional circumstances relief" is a number of special poverty relief groups or special circumstances of the poor, which is before an important supplement to the two plates.

In the specific operational procedures, would like to stress that poverty relief is a key link - the family economic situation in the investigation. Reference to international experience and China's actual situation, we can apply for the qualification review of the links on the design of individual applications accepted institutions, investigations, community proves that the Government's approval of the five essential steps.

China's absolute poverty relief standards

Delineation of a country or a region of the poverty line, which is the minimum standard of protection is to implement an absolute prerequisite for poverty relief. The so-called poverty line, is the minimum standard of living of the average standard of living and social gap between the amount of a defined. China used to the per capita net income of the poverty line indicators and use it as the standard by the price index adjustment each year to determine the poverty standard. If our country in 2003 (absolute) poverty line for the annual per capita net income of 637 yuan.

The question now is, at present around by the official poverty line of the implementation of the standards, the actual coverage is also very limited (Tang Jun, 10% to 20%) of the urban minimum living standard security system to implement the results show that "China's poverty The family has been in social assistance, it is not hungry, clothing does not Biti, the homeless, but it is only able to maintain the most basic living conditions and live. In health, education and social context, they Many of the most basic needs are met is very difficult. As a result, their life is also far from the quality of life and human dignity. " And we all know, Western help poor countries there is a legal and moral bottom line, that is, "so that everyone can live with dignity." This shows that, even if our country is relatively better urban minimum living standard security system has yet to be improved. This is because China's cities, "low" system is only taking into account the life of the urban poor relief, and in accordance with international practices, those living in absolute poverty relief (the minimum living), including life in general relief, medical relief, education, relief, Residential relief, relief delivery, job search assistance and relief to the funeral, and other areas. By contrast, even if the current implementation of the relatively better city "minimal assurance" system, only one seventh of the work done, to protect its natural effect is difficult to achieve, "so that everyone can live with dignity" Level.

Compared to developed countries, per capita income 50% to 60% of the poverty line (actually a relative poverty standard), China's absolute poverty line standard is very low. However, taking into account China as a developing country with a large population of the actual national conditions, we can not be developed in the light of the relative poverty standard. There is a reference to international standards worthy of our country: in 1976 the international poverty line of OECD standards - a country or region per capita monthly salary of 1 / 2 or 1 / 3. In fact, many countries are based on the median income of 1 / 3 to determine the absolute poverty relief standards, the standards of developing countries in line with the actual. China's consideration of the level of economic development, the government's financial affordability of urban and rural residents, as well as the actual minimum needs and other factors, we believe that China's absolute poverty relief standards adopted this standard should be more reasonable. And according to figures released by the Government of China: 2005 China's urban residents per capita disposable income reached 10,493 yuan, the per capita net income of rural residents reached 3255 yuan (in 2006 the government work report). According to the urban and rural residents per capita net income of 1 / 3 to count, China's absolute poverty relief should be the standard of 3500 yuan per person per year (urban areas) and 1,100 yuan (rural areas). Compare the current poverty line standards, is more or less on the present basis increased 50%, this growth is increased at all levels of government in absolute poverty relief the financial burden of expenditure, but in recent years in view of our country at all levels of government revenue High growth rate, the affordability of public finances should also not appear difficult to support.

China's absolute poverty relief targets of the scope of the problem

The object of absolute poverty relief, according to the minimum subsistence guarantee system for the whole line of civil society in general to apply the principle that all should be lower than the real income of the local government to determine the poverty line (taking into account China's economic and social development around the level of difference) of the urban and rural residents . However, for absolute poverty relief system to facilitate the operation of China's absolute poverty relief legislation it is necessary to target relief to be determined more or less. China's combination of the actual situation, we believe that our current system of absolute poverty relief should be covered by the main target should include the following categories: First, no source of income, are unable to work, will be unable to support dependents or residents of this part of the people Usually belong to the tradition of absolute poverty relief targets; Second, the expiration of unemployment insurance failed to re-employment, per capita household income is less than the minimum living standard of residents; three family members in-the-job, but to receive a salary or minimum wage, pension After the family per capita income is still lower than the local minimum living standard of residents; Fourth, as a result of natural and man-made life difficult for the time being caused by the UN (village) people. These four persons belonging to China's economic reform and social change and the emerging target absolute poverty relief. In addition, there are a number of national policies and regulations to protect the special object.

Britain's system for the poor development of the history of China's absolute poverty relief Legislation

After the founding of New China, China has established a relief, including poverty, natural disaster relief, rescue, as well as special targets of anti-poverty work, the various poverty relief system. With the in-depth development of economic system reform, China's traditional poverty relief system in a variety of defects have become increasingly prominent. Mainly: relief object and the actual coverage is extremely limited, low standards of relief at a cost of a serious shortage of the work of the randomness is too large, its strong sense of emergency, and so on. More importantly, as China's socialist market economic system, profound change in the planned economic system, various units of society "unit" features the rapid weakening of the original to a large extent dependent on society "unit" (or rural collective ) Unsustainable patterns of relief. As some scholars have said, "China's current social assistance system is flawed, China's social security is a top priority this will be the minimum standards of safety net to re-design, re-installed so that it can for each member of society The living standards of play 'at the end of Paul' role. "

Britain and other Western countries from poverty relief system design and legislative success, combined with China's actual situation of absolute poverty, absolute poverty relief in China and the Legislature should resolve the absolute poverty relief targets defined criteria to determine relief, the main system of choice And the design of the relief mechanism to raise the necessary funds, and so on several key technical problems. Here, I would like to talk about his family and, of course, in order to be able to offer their valuable suggestions.

Britain's poor system design experience

From a historical point of view, the United Kingdom on behalf of the European countries in modern times before and after the beginning of the implementation of the system for the poor, promoting social solution to the problem of poverty has played an important role. In addition, Britain and other Western European countries, "the history of the poor" is also strong evidence of a basic principle: the survival of resolving the problem of poverty, the government-led relief community has its own unique advantages - that the limited funds in a targeted manner with To the more immediate needs of the people involved.

We study in the United Kingdom poverty relief system will be the history of the development is not hard to see from the British Poor Law of the traditional social system, its modern social security system within the national relief system in the arrangement of the system with distinct historical inheritance. Moreover, whether the Poor Law of the traditional social system, or modern society, a national relief system, from design ideas, technical arrangements and other characteristics of the system to the point of view, have a lot in common. These "common", is more a reflection of Western countries on the poor grasp of the law practice and, therefore, its successful experience in the practice of the poor. To sum up, which we can focus on the reference to the experience of the principal in the following areas:

1. Relief to poor countries bear the primary responsibility. Britain's poor track the evolution of the system reflects the Government's responsibility to strengthen the poor. It is based on the Government's commitment to the community of the poor to provide relief to the basic functions and responsibilities of modern society, most of the poverty relief system was set up under the government-led, mainly through government legislation or to identify the poor relief system, the input tax revenue and so on Public resources, redistribution of national income, to set up a special body to be responsible for the implementation and management of the legal system in the track on the entire operation of the system or the system. Moreover, the practical level, the United Kingdom also pay more attention to the central and local governments at all levels of segregation of duties, as well as monitoring and coordinating mechanism to build.

2. Differential treatment, classified management. Britain in the history of the various poverty relief system have emphasized the social differential treatment for the poor. If the old Poor Law will have the ability to work and not work separately, the National Relief Law to the National Relief standard set of different types and standards. This principle is not only solve the problem of poverty relief of the objective requirements of social assistance also reflects the balance between "fairness and efficiency" of the features of the law.

3. The content of the comprehensive relief. Whether Britain is in the history of the Poor Law, or its post-war relief to the implementation of the national law, emphasized a comprehensive relief. Poor Law as provided for in both the content of relief to the poor, the disabled, the sick and elderly people to donate supplies to aid in life, but also local governments have the ability to work for the poor to facilitate the provision of employment, but also on the theory For the young children of beggars so that it intended to have a job to earn a living skills training, which came into effect in 1948 of the National Relief Act, the poor are provided housing or rent subsidies, family income and other related services. Can be seen, the British relief of poverty is a comprehensive relief, including its financing of living, employment support, housing or rent assistance and other related support services.

4. To raise the necessary funds, in order to highlight the main government-funded approach. If the Poor Law stipulates that the state of poor funding, primarily by the poor to raise taxes, and national laws provide relief to the implementation of national relief spending to be approved by parliament by the financial burden of funding. This way of financing the poor not only embodies the government's responsibility to implement, and effective protection of the poverty relief funds.

5. In the relief operation and the target, to emphasize the special nature of the object, that is, only those who rely on their own can not solve the basic livelihood of (the direct cause of the income is too low) of the poor. At the same time, operating procedures, emphasized recipient of (or applicants) have to be approved by the Government to confirm or review procedures. British nationals to carry out relief on eligible applicants on the basis of the criteria for the review of the official poverty line. This confirmed the qualifications of the technical program, in fact, in order to ensure the allocation of limited resources to the much-needed relief to specific groups (not solve the basic livelihood of the poor) people. We can see that the specific targets of poverty relief and the special nature of the procedure is closely linked to two fundamental questions.

As noted above, the United Kingdom in the history of a lot of the poor to the core content of the laws or relief system, the basic idea of the main principles and framework of the system in areas such as system has its built-in "general" of these systems. "Common", not only from one side of the relief of poverty reflects the inherent requirement and the objective laws of our country are living in absolute poverty relief legislation with the very theory and practice reference value.

After the relief of poverty in modern Britain A Brief History of the development of the system

As early as 1536, Britain enacted the "Henry Poor Law," which marks the start of the British Government to address the social problem of poverty must bear the responsibility. Britain in 1601 promulgated the history of the famous "Elizabeth Poor Law," the official establishment of a government relief for the poor. This is the first to the European system of poor countries, but also opened up a modern social assistance system of precedent. The law for the first time the government has officially confirmed that those unable to work to help the poor, help the poor children to do the apprenticeship, to the able-bodied person to provide, as well as the minimum standard of living of the poor security in areas such as the responsibilities and obligations. The Act provides funds to poor households to pay a fixed amount of tax-based, more affluent areas would be provided with tax subsidies for poverty-stricken areas. The Act will also be divided into three types of clients, be treated differently. Through the establishment of the Diocese of poor supervision and poor parish officials and the Commission, the establishment of institutions of the poor, to study the poor, orphans and poor organization to study the measures to carry out relief lobby. In 1834, the British Government enacted a new law on the whole to continue the relief of poverty, "the old Poor Law" in the framework of the content, but the poor will be re-distributed by the concentration of power, the poor will be the way of relief from home (outside relief) to hospital relief .

In the late nineteenth century, the United Kingdom's socio-economic development of the traditional to the Poor Law as the core of the poverty relief system has been difficult to effectively address the increasingly complex social problems. As a result, to social security as the core of the new social security system in the United Kingdom to begin the creation of (its logo for the 1908 UK pension law and in 1911 the National Insurance Law promulgated), the traditional system for the poor this step by step "back seat" Become a new social security system, a useful complement.

In 1948, the British Government has promulgated and implemented the National Relief Act, and an official to replace its nearly 350-year extension of the Poor Law system. This marks the modern social security system within the framework of the social relief system in the United Kingdom to establish an official. National relief under the law to determine the National Insurance Department of the National Bureau of relief for all types of social relief affairs agencies will be unable to participate in social insurance, do not have the qualifications to receive social security benefits, as well as to continue to have lost their eligibility to receive social security benefits Defined as those who target relief and to establish a national standard to the specific relief. The Act also provides that the National Relief Council approved the expenditure of funds by the shoulder; access to the national relief on the condition that the individual is not able to solve their basic needs; national relief in the implementation process require applicants to the household income survey . Since then, with the UK's economic and social development, national relief system has been revised several times, mainly to gradually raise the standard of relief.

Britain's system for the poor and their development experience

As the longest history of a social phenomenon, poverty is the economic, social and cultural poverty of the general term for the phenomenon. First of all, it refers to the economic aspects of material life of poverty, that is, in substance, or lack of resources in a situation of deprivation, which can not meet the typical characteristics of the basic needs of life. According to the different levels of poverty, poverty can be divided into absolute poverty and relative poverty in two broad categories. The absolute poverty (also known as the survival of poverty), refers to a certain social modes of production and way of life, individuals and families rely on their labor income and other legitimate income could not sustain their basic survival needs, that is what we normally The "hungry, clothing Zheti not, do not live in sheltered cold". And compared with developed countries, developing countries today face the problem of poverty is the main problem is poverty. As the world's most populous and large developing country with uneven development, not only in our country for a long period of history will be relatively widespread poverty, but so far there are still outstanding issues in absolute poverty. According to the Poverty Alleviation Office of the State Council in September 2006 to the latest information released by the end of 2005 China's population is still living in absolute poverty 23,650,000, if the reference to "abject poverty" of international standards, our daily income of less than 1 U.S. dollars of the population is more than 100,000,000 .

For a long time living in absolute poverty are problems of human social and economic development of the "stumbling block" and thus anti-poverty today remains the world's top priority. Anti-poverty in human history, the Western countries in modern times to carry out before and after a considerable relief of poverty. These government-led, anti-poverty establishment of the social relief system of absolute poverty and their families given financial or material assistance to ensure that they maintain a basic living condition of the country, the most representative of the United Kingdom.

Poor British system of absolute poverty relief in China Legislation

In the March 2006 meeting of the "two sessions" period, according to the "Legal Daily" and other media reported that concern to our community, as early as 2003 have been included in the legislation plan of the 10th National People's Congress, "Social Relief Law" by Organization of the drafting of the Ministry of Civil Affairs. China and the general social assistance, including poverty relief and disaster relief aspects of the two. This shows that China's large poor and the weak social groups, especially the more than 2300 million people living in absolute poverty relief that finally the issue on the national level, the basic legislation, began to enter China's high-level public decision-making horizons. Against this background, learn from Western countries, poverty relief system design and legislative success, combined with China's actual situation of absolute poverty from the perspective of academic research on China's absolute poverty relief legislation put forward the idea of the theory is an important Theoretical innovation and practical reference value.

Gets the impoverished relief fund and the hospital by the rich and powerful people treats an illness first.

After the Beijing Hospital occurrence "resists the signature" the event, a public opinion piece in an uproar, many accuses the hospital. I am not doctor, also does not make money in the hospital, but I thought that the majority of public opinions are the irresponsible discontents, does not have the benefit to the society. Because the hospital the stipulation cannot implement the surgery, causes the pregnant woman to die unfortunately finally. The pairs bright live person life because of stipulated that flutters passes, is unable to restrain to cause the person sigh and sorrowful. But the hospital for oneself on an insurance, had the mistake? Said according to the public opinion that the human life is most important, should rescue first in any event, hospital doctor should not consider, should take the life as heavy, this sounds to be very right theoretically, I also hoped that the hospital can do this. But, you think not to have, if is as the matter stands, what the world will turn? -----Will be able to be very terrorist. . . . . . How terrorist, at this time I say, nobody believe, will also solicit one scolds the sound in large numbers, after therefore I will speak several real instances, first said again.

The first kind: Rich are heartless. A some place's community in the provide impoverished relief fund, has some person of suit and dress shoes finally, sits runs quickly the BMW to hurry back from the place very far away receives 200 Yuan impoverished relief funds, their family property great wealth, actually could not think freely receives these several hundred Yuan, "greatly has owed"; Some person of family property great wealth, Bao Xiaomi soaks young lady to spend like the running water, actually does not give up puts out one money to give the one's own parents. . . . . . These are the facts which in the society exists, everybody will not say that I will lie? The second kind: Stints without the foresight. Mr. Chang Ting scolds: Has the wealth to buy the coffin not to have the money to buy the medicine to eat. Many people are not the rich and powerful people, but also in no way is the poor person, they rather massively smoke drink, is not willing to put into a medical safeguard, I have seen many people, one day must smoke 2 packages of cigarettes, several bottles of beer, but every year 20 Yuan medical service insurance premiums do not hand over, must know, every year a 20 Yuan medical insurance premium junction, when in hospital are most may reimburse 70,000 Yuan medical services! But many people do not hand over, rather drinks some liquor! (has the rural cooperatives medical insurance in the South China area, each man-year pays 20 Yuan, if falls ill in hospital to be possible to reimburse the medical service, most may reimburse 70,000 Yuan medical services! But if one year safety, this 20 Yuan will turn over to the Insurance company, cannot lead again)

The above two kind of people are not infrequent in the society, as soon as if the hospital sees the patient immediately to rescue, moreover does not haggle over the medical expense, the above two kind of person's medical expense was cannot take, how did that hospital manage? Either has to allocate the expense on other patient body, this will create the medical expense the rapid rise; Other patients see so, also simply does not hand over, how does that hospital manage? Go out of business! As the matter stands, in the society sees a doctor to where? Either the hospital brings a lawsuit all day with the patient, then other patient who treats? According to the ideal person's method, the very quick hospital will fall into the difficult position. Some people will say: The medical expense bears by the country! This is speaks irresponsibly and sarcastically! Which country in the world has to have this kind of financial resource? Even if the world richest family US, it manages obtains? The Chinese disabled people have merely 60,000,000, each person uses merely 10,000, how many wants? Was saying, country Qian Cong where? It is not each person leaves, if medical expense by national burden, then each person one year all income gives the country, the country cannot bear! Said first, how many people does entire China have to be willing to give oneself all income the country? Doctor should take the life as heavy, should have the leniency kindheartedness, this not wrong, but as the hospital, takes the Medical department, how does it consider to be lets doctor play the role, but is not the light has the leniency kindheartedness. As hospital, if does not have the drugs, medical equipment, but also has doctor, the light has leniency kindheartedly not useful! But as the hospital, takes the Medical department, it considers to be the drugs, the medical equipment, but also has doctor's positive cycle, it draws up the rules and regulations are also so, if a profession does not have the rules and regulations, what is bad luck is the common people! Have certain military general knowledge in the blood and iron friends. General wants to cherish each soldier, but when necessity, for instance when receives powerful enemy surrounding, for entire armed forces breaking through, cannot take into consideration again to each soldier's life, even must look at the soldier to sacrifice eagerly, analogy Covering force. What we should consider is how to let the hospital play the role highly effective, treats and cures more patients, lets the human who in the society are more needs to treat and cure obtain the medical team, but should not for an individual, to the hospital propose that not the realistic accusation and the request, look like cannot accuse general to look eagerly the Covering force soldiers sacrifice, but does not rescue. We must have the compassion, actually cannot lose the reason because of the compassion. The western world has a proverb: Often is becomes to the hell road by the angel heart shop! Is willing each patriotic blood and iron ally to give the constructive comment, but do not only be accuses! Any law. System. The stipulation does not allow to violate " Human's life is higher than all " Basic principle idea. Saving from impending death assisting the wounded is the hard truth. But if to rescue a person's life, changed certain aspect system, will sacrifice in the future actually many people, how will that manage? Is happier for the society, we often must weigh the advantages and disadvantages in being in a dilemma, make the difficult choice!